All packages that are included in the official Debian distribution are free according to the Debian Free Software Guidelines. This assures free use and redistribution of the packages and their complete source code. The official Debian distribution is what is contained in the main section of the Debian archive. To Uninstall Debian packages manually using the Graphical user interface you just need to click on the Ubuntu User interface and then click on the Installed Tab after that search the installed Debian package or software you want to remove or uninstall from Ubuntu. Debian packages are used in distributions based on Debian, such as Ubuntu and many others. Fink, a port of dpkg and APT to Mac OS X, uses deb packages. Nexenta OS, a discontinued OS based on OpenSolaris, included Debian package management software and the use of deb packages.
Debian is an excellent Linux distribution, especially for servers. It is also a great distribution to run on a regular desktop computer or laptop. You very rarely encounter a bug on this operating system, and packages integrate exceptionally well with one another.
For example, you can easily switch to a different display/login manager, add another desktop environment or change other key components of your software stack. In contrast, you might get weird conflicts on other distributions when trying to switch default packages. https://energyhelp327.weebly.com/add-monster-manual-1977.html.
Why Debian Has Old Software
Here’s the short version, without too many technical details. Once most of the known bugs are removed, packages are frozen to a particular version. Most of them will never receive feature upgrades, only security fixes. This way, no new bugs get introduced, and the distribution can remain “stable.” To be stable means that what worked in a certain way one year ago will work exactly the same way next year on the same version of Debian. The advantage is that you get an operating system that (almost) never “breaks.” You can pull in the latest security fixes, and rest assured that your laptop or computer will work just fine the next day.
You don’t lose a lot by not having the latest version of everything. Most software doesn’t dramatically change in the course of two years. But some software does indeed change often and brings important improvements.
Sometimes, you may even require the latest version of something. This may be the case with a new video card you bought that doesn’t work without the latest driver. For such situations, Debian has a special repository where you can upgrade certain pieces of software that you absolutely need to have.
What Are Debian Backports?
Here’s how Debian’s official backports webpage describes what back-porting means:
Backports are packages taken from the next Debian release (called “testing”), adjusted and recompiled for usage on Debian stable.
This repository is not enabled by default, but the steps to do so are fairly straightforward.
How to Enable Backports Repository on Debian
Open a terminal emulator, and find the codename of your Debian installation:
Note: in this example the codename is “stretch.” If at the time you read this the codename is different, for example “buster,” replace every occurence where you see “stretch” with “buster.”
Debian Applications Software
![Debian Debian](/uploads/1/2/6/0/126040871/829318261.png)
Debian’s APT package manager stores the list of repositories where it can download software in a file. View and edit this file with the following command:
At the end of the file, add the following line:
On Debian Buster the line would be: “deb http://deb.debian.org/debian buster-backports main contrib non-free.”
Your APT sources list might not include the words “contrib” and “non-free.” In this case it means you don’t have some packages available. Among other things, such as the RAR archiver or Steam game platform, you will find drivers for your video card, Wi-Fi adapter and other hardware in “non-free.” If you need these, for example to play 3D video games or if your Wi-Fi isn’t working, enable “contrib” and “non-free.” Simply add the words at the end of each line, after “main.” The following is some text you can copy and paste:
Your sources.list file might also contain different URLs instead of “deb.debian.org.” Use “deb.debian.org,” as it has some advantages. It dynamically redirects you to a server close to you. Since it won’t always redirect you to the same server, there’s another advantage. If you use a static address, such as ” ftp.uk.debian.org/debian/,” if the server goes down, you won’t be able to download packages for that time.
With “deb.debian.org” that should no longer be an issue. It helps a lot, especially if you enable automatic upgrades. With a static server you might notice that your computer hasn’t been automatically updating for days or weeks, while the server was offline.
Empty Screen After Running “sudo apt edit-sources”
On some installations the default file “/etc/apt/sources.list” might be missing. In this case
sudo apt edit-sources
will show an empty screen. Repositories might be stored in a file at “/etc/apt/sources.list.d/base.list” instead. With the following commands, you can see files in that directory and their contents:When you edit the default sources file with
sudo apt edit-sources
, don’t repeat the lines you see here. Principles of microeconomics pdf textbook. Only add what is missing. Copy the lines from those files, add them to “/etc/apt/sources.list” and then delete the files in “/etc/apt/sources.list.d/.”How to Install Software from Debian Backports
Make the package manager pick up on your recent changes and update its database:
On Debian 9, codenamed Stretch, to install a newer Nvidia driver from backports, you would use this command:
On Debian 10, codenamed Buster, the command would be:
It’s not required to use the
-V
parameter, but it is useful in this case. This makes APT show version strings of the packages that it will install. It makes it easier to spot which packages will be pulled from backports and which will be pulled from regular repositories. Packages that contain the string “bpo” are from backports.Find Versions Available for a Package
Not all packages have backports available. Only the ones which have important or necessary features in new versions are usually backported. You can quickly check if you can install a newer version for a package with the following command:
In this case you can see that Nvidia’s proprietary driver version 384 is available in Debian’s regular repository. A superior version, 390, is available in backports.
Debian’s list of backported packages can also help you check if a package has a backport available. Remember to adjust the URL in the future with the codename of your current Debian release. “https://packages.debian.org/stretch-backports/allpackages” will be “https://packages.debian.org/buster-backports/allpackages.”
Conclusion
Consider upgrading an emergency method from backports. This means don’t overdo it. Install only the packages you really need, otherwise you might make your system unstable or generate conflicts between packages.
Ebooks
Filename extension | .deb, .udeb |
---|---|
Internet media type | application/vnd.debian.binary-package[1] |
Developed by | Debian |
Type of format | Package management system |
Container for | Software package |
Extended from | ar archive, tarball |
Website | deb format specification |
deb is the format, as well as extension of the software package format for the Linux distributionDebian and its derivatives.
- 2Implementation
Design[edit]
GDebi installing a .deb package
Debian Software Packages For Mac
Debian packages are standard Unixar archives that include two tar archives. Windows 10 for mac boot camp. One archive holds the control information and another contains the installable data.[2]
dpkg provides the basic functionality for installing and manipulating Debian packages. Generally end users don't manage packages directly with dpkg but instead use the APT package management software or other APT front-ends such as aptitude (nCurses) and synaptic (GTK+).[3]
Debian packages can be converted into other package formats and vice versa using alien, and created from source code using checkinstall or the Debian Package Maker.[4]
Debian Packages List
Some core Debian packages are available as udebs ('micro debs'), and are typically used only for bootstrapping a Debian installation. Although these files use the udeb filename extension, they adhere to the same structure specification as ordinary deb files. However, unlike their deb counterparts, udeb packages contain only essential functional files.[5] In particular, documentation files are normally omitted. udeb packages are not installable on a standard Debian system, but are used in Debian-Installer.
Implementation[edit]
Diagram showing an example file structure of a .deb file
Frhed hex editor displaying the raw data of a Debian package.
Prior to Debian 0.93, a package consisted of a file header and two concatenated gzip archives.[6] Since Debian 0.93, a deb package is implemented as an ar archive.[7] This archive contains three files in a specific order:[8][9]
- debian-binary - Contains a single line giving the package format version number. (
2.0
for current versions of Debian).[9] - control archive - A tar archive named
control.tar
contains the maintainer scripts and the package meta-information (package name, version, dependencies and maintainer). Compressing the archive with gzip or xz is supported. The file extension changes to indicate the compression method.[9][2] - data archive - A tar archive named
data.tar
contains the actual installable files. Compressing the archive with gzip, bzip2, lzma or xz is supported. The file extension changes to indicate the compression method.[9][2]
Control archive[edit]
The control archive contents can include the following files: Windows 7 serial port driver.
- control contains a brief description of the package as well as other information such as its dependencies.[10][11][12][13]
- md5sums contains MD5checksums of all files in the package in order to detect corrupt or incomplete files.[14]
- conffiles lists the files of the package that should be treated as configuration files. Configuration files are not overwritten during an update unless specified.[15]
- preinst, postinst, prerm and postrm are optional scripts that are executed before or after installing or removing the package.[15][16]
- config is an optional script that supports the debconf configuration mechanism.[17]
- shlibs list of shared library dependencies.[18][19]
Signed packages[edit]
Debian-based distributions support GPG signature verification of signed Debian packages, but most (if not all) have this feature disabled by default.[20] Instead packages are verified by signing the repository metadata (i.e. Release files). The metadata files in turn include checksums for the repository files as a means to verify authenticity of the files.[21][22] Currently there are two different implementations for signing individual packages. The first is done via the debsigs / debsig-verify toolset, which is supported by dpkg.[20][23] The second is done through the dpkg-sig program which is not supported by dpkg, so the packages have to be manually checked with the dpkg-sig program.[20][24][25][26] Both formats add new section(s) to the ar archive to store the signature information, but the formats are not compatible with one another.[20] Neither of the modifications to the package format are listed in the official Debian handbook or man page about the binary package format.[27][8]
Adoption[edit]
![Debian Software Packages Debian Software Packages](/uploads/1/2/6/0/126040871/656983914.png)
- Debian packages are used in distributions based on Debian, such as Ubuntu and many others.
- Fink, a port of dpkg and APT to macOS, uses deb packages.[28][29]
- Nexenta OS, a discontinued OS based on OpenSolaris, included Debian package management software and the use of deb packages.
- Debian GNU/kFreeBSD, a OS that uses a GNU based userland and the FreeBSD kernel.
- Debian GNU/Hurd.
- Some jailbroken iOS devices (iPhones, iPads and iPods).[30][31]
- Ipkg and Opkg, which both use .ipk packages that resemble Debian's dpkg
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^'Media Type Registration for vnd.debian.binary-package'. Internet Assigned Numbers Authority. Retrieved 21 May 2014.
- ^ abcRaphaël Hertzog (17 Sep 2010). 'How to create Debian packages with alternative compression methods'. raphaelhertzog.com. Retrieved 26 Aug 2016.
- ^'Debian Courses/Maintaining Packages/Packages Management'. debian.org. 31 Oct 2010. Retrieved 26 Aug 2016.
- ^'Overview of Debian Maintainer Tools / Alien'. debian.org. n.d. Retrieved 26 Aug 2016.
- ^'Chapter 3. D-I components or udebs'. debian.org. n.d. Archived from the original on 3 December 2011. Retrieved 26 Aug 2016.
- ^'deb-old(5) man page: Debian old binary package format'. manpages.debian.org. Retrieved 2017-04-23.
- ^Lucas Nussbaum (16 Oct 2014). 'Debian Packaging Tutorial'(PDF). debian.org. Retrieved 26 Aug 2016.
- ^ ab'deb(5) man page: Debian binary package format'. manpages.debian.org. Retrieved 2017-04-23.
- ^ abcd'Debian Binary Package Building HOWTO/3. Package Structure'. tldp.org. n.d. Retrieved 26 Aug 2016.
- ^'deb-control(5) man page: Debian packages' master control file format'. manpages.debian.org. Retrieved 2017-04-23.
- ^'Debian Policy Manual Chapter 5 - Control files and their fields'. debian.org. 30 Mar 2016. Retrieved 26 Aug 2016.
- ^Josip Rodin and Osamu Aoki (9 Jun 2015). 'Debian New Maintainers' Guide - Ch4 Required files under the debian directory'. debian.org. Retrieved 26 Aug 2016.
- ^'Debian Policy Manual Ch7 - Declaring relationships between packages'. debian.org. 30 Mar 2016. Retrieved 26 Aug 2016.
- ^'The Debian Administrator's Handbook - Package Meta-Information'. debian-handbook.info. n.d. Retrieved 26 Aug 2016.
- ^ ab'Chapter 7 - Basics of the Debian package management system'. debian.org. 1 May 2015. Retrieved 26 Aug 2016.
- ^'Debian Maintainer Scripts'. debian.org. 11 Oct 2012. Retrieved 26 Aug 2016.
- ^Joey Hess (n.d.). 'The Debconf Programmer's Tutorial - The Config Script'. fifi.org. Retrieved 26 Aug 2016.
- ^'dpkg-shlibdeps(1) man page'. manpages.debian.org. Retrieved 2017-04-23.
- ^'Debian Policy - 8.6 Dependencies between the library and other packages'. debian.org. 30 Mar 2016. Retrieved 26 Aug 2016.
- ^ abcdJoe Damato (28 Oct 2014). 'HOWTO: GPG sign and verify deb packages and APT repositories'. packagecloud.io. Retrieved 26 Aug 2016.
- ^'APT repository internals'. packagecloud.io. 4 Aug 2015. Retrieved 26 Aug 2016.
- ^'SecureApt - All about secure apt'. debian.org. 22 Sep 2015. Retrieved 26 Aug 2016.
- ^'debsig-verify(1) man page'. manpages.debian.org. Retrieved 2017-04-23.
- ^'debsigs(1) man page'. manpages.debian.org. Retrieved 2017-04-23.
- ^Andreas Barth (29 Dec 2003). 'Integrating signatures into Debian archive files'. turmzimmer.net. Archived from the original on 2006-02-22. Retrieved 29 Dec 2003.CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
- ^'policy for debsigs'. turmzimmer.net. 1 Feb 2004. Archived from the original on 2006-07-14. Retrieved 1 Feb 2004.CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
- ^'The Debian Administrator's Handbook - Ch5. Packaging System: Tools and Fundamental Principles'. debian.org. n.d. Retrieved 26 Aug 2016.
- ^'Fink FAQ - General Questions'. finkproject.org. 6 Jun 2015. Retrieved 26 Aug 2016.
- ^'Fink FAQ - Installing, Using and Maintaining Fink'. finkproject.org. 6 Jun 2015. Retrieved 26 Aug 2016.
- ^Jay Freeman (n.d.). 'Bringing Debian APT to the iPhone'. saurik.com. Retrieved 26 Aug 2016.
- ^Erica Sadun (28 Feb 2008). 'Debian-style installation arrives on iPhone'. engadget.com. Retrieved 26 Aug 2016.
External links[edit]
- Debian FAQ: [1][2]
- ^Basics of the Debian package management system
- ^Citation error. See inline comment how to fix.[verification needed]
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